WHAT IS ERYTHROPOIESIS?

 ERYTHROPOIESIS

What you need to know

      The development of erythrocytes, often known as red blood cells, takes place in the bone marrow and starts with pluripotent stem cells that differentiate into progenitor colony forming cells such as BFU-E and CFU-E, which in turn differentiate into erythrocytes. The progenitor cells will undergo a series of differentiation events before becoming erythroblast precursors. It is expected that the stem cells would differentiate into myeloid progenitor cells, which will subsequently differentiate into precursor cells, which will create younger cells of the erythroblast. In the first stage, the cell will evolve into a Proerythroblast, which the division or replication occurs at this stage. This cell type is characterised by a large nucleus that occupies most of the cytoplasm, as well as a blueish colour and a larger size than the other types. Then it grows into Basophilic Normoblasts, which have a similar structure to the precursor cells but are more blue in colour than the precursor cells, and these cells produce proteins inside the bone marrow. After that, it grows into Polychromatic Normoblast, which emerges with a large nucleus that occupies most of the cytoplasm and is a little more purple than before, and it also develops into Orthochromatic Normoblast, which has a structure that is quite similar to that of Polychromatic Normoblast. Following that, it develops into a Reticulocyte, which is completely blue in colour with a nucleus that is slightly separated from the cytoplasm, and then it develops into the final stage of Haemopoiesis, which produces the perfect structure of an Erythrocyte, which is red in colour and does not contain a nucleus.

FACTORS AFFECTING ERYTHROPOIESIS 

• Tissue Oxygenation

Tissue required oxygen to undergoes it function and process in human body. Tissue hypoxia is a condition where the tissue starved of oxygen or can be understand as insufficient of oxygen in the tissue. When tissue hypoxia occurs, it will leads to increase rate of erythropoiesis to create more red blood cell to transport more oxygen from the lung to the tissue to resole the hypoxia. 

• Vitamins 

Thiamine triphosphate, a DNA building block, and vitamin B12 and Folic acid are required for the production of thymidine triphosphate. The shortage of vitamin B12 and folic acid will result in decreased DNA as a consequence of the failure of nuclear maturation, as well as in deficient erythropoiesis (red blood cell production).

Vitamin C enhances the action of folic acid, and it is also beneficial in iron absorption, since it is responsible for converting ferric to ferrous iron ions.

Pyridoxine is a coenzyme involved in the condensation of Glycine and succinyl-CoA, while Riboflavin and Pantothenic acid are involved in the creation of Heme, which is responsible for the generation of iron for red blood cells as well as cell development and division.

Don't forget to eat adequate amount of vitamin!

• Metals

Iron, Copper, Cobalt, Nickel and Manganese is the metals that affect the rate of Erythropoiesis. Copper is necessary for Iron transfer from the storage sites which is Bone marrow, Liver and Spleen.  

• Proteins

Adequate protein diet are very essential for human body to keep up with the normal level of Erythropoiesis for the normal rate of formation of Globin. 

 Food that rich in Protein!

• Hormones 

 Hormones such as Testosterone, Growth hormone, Thyroid hormone, Cortisol and Adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH helps in regulating the Erythropoiesis. 

• Other condition stimulating Erythropoiesis

Exercise, Excitement, Menstruation, Pregnancy, and Menopause. 

 REFERNCES

• Vasković, J. (2019, August 22). Erythrocytes. Kenhub. Retrieved October 27, 2021, from https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/erythrocytes